Welcome to the Training session

Welcome to the Training session. In the view of imparting sophisticated technical know how   and making the people advanced in technical aspects, we started this interesting training  program. Here we basically concentrate on people hailing from various sectors like professors/lecturers , employees, software engineers, for motivating them in a clever and faster way of computer usage. The benefits of this training program are explained in the points mentioned below regarding each profession. Professors & lecturers:
Improving the knowledge of one's own subject is as important as taking the classes for students   in the day to day life. Opting for the books is a time consuming/older way to improve the knowledge,   when the today's e-world is opening a distinct way of knowledge accumulation. The second and important point is securing the computer from viruses and worms.  The training program for professors and lecturers opens a way to


1. Strategic use of internet for knowledge acquisition. 2. Strategic use of computer for security. 3. E-learning techniques. 4. Presentation skills. Employees: Apart from operating the computer for one's own field level knowledge, the employees can carve the benefits of this training program by learning the following things. 1. E-learning basics & training. 2. Training for computer security. 3. Training for faster & cleverer use of regular system. 4. Documentation & presentation skills. Employees can shined up in a way to get rid of the difficulties of regular computer/software usage and to use the system in a new way than before.

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COMPUTER QUIZ

COMPUTER QUIZ (To see correct answers, move mouse over options, answer will be highlighted)

1. Which of the following communication mode supports data transmission in     both directions at the same time?          a) Simplex     b) Duplex     c) Half simplex     d) Full duplex     e) Multiplex 2. Which of the following transmission techniques let computer to     alternatively send and receive data?     a) Duplex     b) Simplex     c) Half duplex     d) Full duplex     e) None of above 3.  Modulation is the process of :      a) Echoing every character that is received      b) Converting digital signals to analog signals      c) Converting analog signals to digital signals      d) Sending a file from one computer to another computer      e) None of above 4. A modem performs-     a) Modulation     b) Demodulation     c) Data compression     d) Both (a) & (b)      e) All (a), (b) & (c) 5. Which of the following keyboard format is most commonly used?     a) TWRITER     b) SPLITTER     c) QWERTY     d) Dvorak     e) None of the above 6. The function of key F4 in a word processing application is -     a) to repeat the last action     b) to open a saved document     c) to delete the highlighted text     d) to open context menu of highlighted text     e) None of above 7. Laser printer is an example of -     a) Impact printer     b) Inkjet printer     c) Non-Impact printer     d) Dot-matrix printer     e) None of above 8. which of the following is a term related with scanners?     a) Laser     b) TWAIN     c) QWERTY     d) Media     e) Cartridge 9. The resolution of a monitor depends on:     a) Dot pitch of the monitor     b) Number of bits representing a pixel     c) Number of pixels that can be displayed     d) Both (a) & (b)     e) All (a), (b) & (c) 10. What does the term ISO stands for?     a) Information System Output     b) International Standards Organization     c) International Systems organization     d) Integrated Services Organization     e) None of above

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ONLINE EXAM

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Call by Value and Call by Reference

In C programming language, variables can be referred differently depending on the context. For example, if you are writing a program for a low memory system, you may want to avoid copying larger sized types such as structs and arrays when passing them to functions. On the other hand, with data types like integers, there is no point in passing by reference when a pointer to an integer is the same size in memory as an integer itself.

Now, let us learn how variables can be passed in a C program.

Pass By Value

Passing a variable by value makes a copy of the variable before passing it onto a function. This means that if you try to modify the value inside a function, it will only have the modified value inside that function. One the function returns, the variable you passed it will have the same value it had before you passed it into the function.

Pass By Reference

There are two instances where a variable is passed by reference:

1. When you modify the value of the passed variable locally and also the value of the variable in the calling function as well.
2. To avoid making a copy of the variable for efficiency reasons.

Let's have a quick example that will illustrate both concepts.

xytotals.c:

Sample Code

1. #include <stdio.h>
2. #include <stdlib.h>
3.  
4. void printtotal(int total);
5. void addxy(int x, int y, int total);
6. void subxy(int x, int y, int *total);
7.  
8. void main() {
9.  
10.   int x, y, total;
11.   x = 10;
12.   y = 5;
13.   total = 0;
14.  
15.   printtotal(total);
16.   addxy(x, y, total);
17.  
18.   printtotal(total);
19.  
20.   subxy(x, y, &total);
21.   printtotal(total);
22. }
23.  
24. void printtotal(int total) {
25.   printf("Total in Main: %dn", total);
26. }
27.  
28. void addxy(int x, int y, int total) {
29.   total = x + y;
30.   printf("Total from inside addxy: %dn", total);
31. }
32.  
33. void subxy(int x, int y, int *total) {
34.   *total = x - y;
35.   printf("Total from inside subxy: %dn", *total);
36. }

Here is the output:

There are three functions in the above program. In the first two functions variable is passed by value, but in the third function, the variable `total` is passed to it by reference. This is identified by the “*” operator in its declaration.

The program prints the value of variable `total` from the main function before any operations have been performed. It has 0 in the output as expected.

Then we pass the variables by value the 2nd function addxy, it receives a copy of `x`, `y`, and `total`. The value of `total` from inside that function after adding x and y together is 15.

Notice that once addxy has exited and we print `total` again its value remains 0 even though we passed it from the main function. This is because when a variable is passed by value, the function works on a copy of that value. They were two different `total` variables in memory simultaneously. The one we set to 15 in the addxy function, was removed from memory once the addxy function finished executing.  However, the original variable `total` remains 0 when we print its value from main.

Now we subtract y from x using the subxy function. This time we pass variable `total` by reference (using the “address of” operator (&)) to the subxy function.

Note how we use the dereference operator “*” to get the value of total inside the function. This is necessary, because you want the value in variable `total`, not the address of variable `total` that was passed in.

Now we print the value of variable `total` from main again after the subxy function finishes. We get a value of 5, which matches the value of total printed from inside of subxy function.  The reason is because by passing a variabletotal by reference we did not make a copy of the variable `total` instead we passed the address in memory of the same variable `total` used in the function main. In other words we only had one total variable during entire code execution time.

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